Sunday, August 18, 2013







The Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR, "Armed Revolutionary Nuclei") was an Italian neofascist Militant organization active from 1977 to November 1981. It committed 33 murders in four years, and had planned to assassinate Francesco Cossiga, Gianfranco Fini and Adolfo Urso. An off-shoot of Terza Posizione, the group maintained close links with the Banda della Magliana, a Rome-based criminal organization, which provided such logistical support as lodging, false papers, weapons, and bombs to the NAR. In November 1981, it was discovered that the NAR hid weapons in the basements of the Health Ministry. The first trial against them sentenced 53 persons on May 2, 1985, on charges of terrorist activities.



Members


The NAR were directed by former RAI child actor, Valerio Fioravanti, his brother Cristiano Fioravanti, Dario Pedretti, Francesca Mambro and Alessandro Alibrandi.


Other important members included: Luigi Ciavardini, Gilberto Cavallini, Stefano Soderini, Franco Anselmi, Giorgio Vale, Massimo Carminati, Claudio Bracci, Stefano Bracci, Mario Corsi detto "Marione", Stefano Tiraboschi, Lino Lai, Paolo Pizzonia, Patrizio Trochei, Walter Sordi, Marco Mario Massimi, Pasquale Belsito, Fiorenzo Trincanato, Andrea Vian.


In 1980, NAR member Giorgio Vale became the leader of Terza Posizione, which was used as a front for the NAR.


Actions


1980 Bologna massacre


NAR members Giusva Fioravanti and Francesca Mambro have been sentenced as responsible for the 1980 bombing of the Bologna main train station which killed 85 people. It is however noteworthy that Fioravanti and Mambro, despite acknowledging their participation in other killings, always denied their implication in the bombing. Therefore, in spite of their convictions, their involvement is still matter of debate.


Weapons cache in the Health Ministry


On November 25, 1981, Italian authorities discovered a weapons cache in the basements of the Health Ministry. According to the Magliana pentito, Maurizio Abbatino, NAR member Massimo Carminati was the only one who could freely access the weapons cache. Massimo Carminati not only held close links with the Banda della Magliana, but also with SISMI secret agents, in particular General Pietro Musumeci and colonel Giuseppe Belmonte, a member of the Propaganda Due Masonic lodge.


Assassinations


On June 23, 1980, NAR members Gilberto Cavallini and Luigi Ciavardini (who was later sentenced to a 30-year prison term in 2007 for his role in the 1980 Bologna bombings) assassinated magistrate Mario Amato. Amato had been made responsible for investigations into the radical right in Italy after the assassination of judge Vittorio Occorsio on July 10, 1976. The two NAR members were also responsible for the earlier slaying of Francesco Evangelista on May 28, 1980.









































Lunar Knights
Lunar Knights Coverart.png
Developer(s)Kojima Productions
Publisher(s)Konami
Director(s)Ikuya Nakamura
Producer(s)Hideo Kojima

Kensuke Yoshitomi
Platform(s)Nintendo DS
Release date(s)

  • JP November 22, 2006

  • NA February 6, 2007

  • EU March 30, 2007

  • AUS April 13, 2007


Genre(s)Action role-playing
Mode(s)Single-player, multiplayer

Lunar Knights, known in Japan as Bokura no Taiyō: Django & Sabata (ボクらの太陽 Django & Sabata?, "Our Sun: Django & Sabata") and abbreviated Boktai DS, is an action role-playing video game, the fourth title in the Boktai series of video games developed by Kojima Productions and announced at E3 2006.


The game has a new story arc, and follows new protagonists and hence has also been marked as the beginning of a new series. The game was revamped to remove the necessity of using the real-life solar sensor due to player troubles; however, it still retains the functionality if any of the Game Boy Advance Boktai cartridges are inserted.


As some gameplay features are exclusive to Japan, the original names of the characters are used in such instances.



Gameplay


Lunar Knights revolves around two characters: Lucian and Aaron. Lucian is a vampire hunter, wielding various dark melee weapons. He is also imbued with the power of darkness, and can change into a vampire after he builds up a Trance (shortened to TRC in-game) meter by fusing with his Terrennial, Nero, which allows him to absorb life out of his foes. Aaron is an apprentice sharpshooter, and uses a variety of Solar Guns to deal damage to his undead foes. Unlike Lucian, Aaron has light powers, and can temporarily become an avatar of the sun when needed by fusing with his Terrennial, Toasty. The player increases the two characters' levels by killing enemies, and their weapons may be upgraded with various parts, allowing more abilities to be used with that weapon.


The ultimate goal in Lunar Knights is to destroy a number of boss vampire enemies, in which the basic mission is to defeat each of them in their respective dungeons, either by exploiting their elemental weakness or using Trance. Once this is accomplished, the boss is launched into space using the Casket Rocket, Laplace; the player then enters a minigame consisting of three parts. The Casket Rocket is controlled from a third-person perspective with the stylus. By moving the stylus, Laplace moves, and tapping the screen causes it to fire lasers. After these three segments have ended, there is a short video segment in which the defeated boss is purified with the intense solar radiation in the stratosphere, made possible by the Interstellar Satellite Sunflower.


As more bosses are defeated, the player is able to gain access to different elements through terrennials. There are four different terrennials available besides Nero (Dark) and Toasty (Sol): Ursula (Flame), Tove (Earth), Alexander (Cloud), and Ezra (Frost). With each acquired terrennial comes a different climate for the player to manipulate. This can be done by going to Sheridan's Mansion and selecting 'Change Climate' to change the default weather. Certain parts of dungeons, which often hold new items and weapons, are inaccessible unless the player changes the weather. Special high-priced items are dropped by enemies or objects under certain climate conditions.


The game relies on an in-game weather control system, known as the paraSOL. It has a thermometer, and measures humidity and wind speed. The weather is generated from the game itself, not from the local outside environment. There are five types of weather: balmy subtropical, tropical rainforest, humid continental, arid desert and frigid arctic.


The Trance meter is built up as the player lands blows on their enemies. When it is full, the player can use the powers of one of their Terrennials to launch into an extra powerful attack that affects multiple enemies. The transformations mentioned above are two of these attacks, but some are more magical in orientation, and often revolve around interaction with the touch screen.


Burst attacks are Trance moves performed by terrennials other than Toasty and Nero. When a Burst attack is used, the weather will change accordingly. Terrennials are the physical manefestiations of the elements that accompany the characters, with fire, ice, wind, and earth represented. In addition, the sun has a terrennial as does darkness. Furthermore, there is a null-elemental Terrenial only available in the Japanese version - War Rock, whose details are described below in the Crossover section. When these terrennials are equipped, the player can use TRC powers, and they will add their elemental attacks to weapon strikes, at the cost of some energy. Each element is directly vulnerable to its polar opposite, and resistant to itself. For example, if the player strikes an ice-aligned monster with fire equipped, extra damage will be dealt, but if ice is equipped, less than normal damage will be dealt.


W-Gate slot


The player is able to use the Game Boy Advance Boktai games' sun sensor to play Lunar Knights like the original Boktai games. This option gives the player more of an advantage: slotting a GBA game into the DS' W-Gate allows the player to use extra sunlight by adding the detected sun strength to the amount produced by the in-game weather system (the extra sunlight appear as green blocks in the game's sensor bar) for a certain amount of time. It also enables the player to play in sunlight regardless of the in-game world's weather.


Depending on which game is introduced into the W-Gate, the Solar Sensor will cause different effects in Lunar Knights:



  • Solar Sensor Version 1: By inserting Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand in the GBA Slot, the standby character will fill his ENE (Energy) and it will also charge the Solar Station depending on how much sunlight hits the sensor.

  • Solar Sensor Version 2: By inserting Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django in the GBA Slot, the standby character will fill his LIFE and it will also charge the Solar Station depending on how much sunlight hits the sensor.

  • Solar Sensor Version 3: By inserting Shin Bokura no Taiyō: Gyakushū no Sabata in the GBA Slot, the standby character will fill his TRC (Trance) meter and it will also charge the Solar Station depending on how much sunlight hits the sensor.


Blowing into the Nintendo DS's microphone will cause the character to whistle, drawing attention to enemies. This serves to replace the wall tapping of earlier games in the Boktai series. Whistling also has the function of using a terrennial's special technique, which can only be used when the terrennial is glowing happens during affiliated climate or time of day.


Setting


Lunar Knights producer Kensuke Yoshitomi confirmed in a 1UP interview[citation needed] that although it takes place in the same world as Boktai, but at a different time period with fresh characters, it is still not a direct sequel to Boktai. He stated that the many versions of Princess Zelda and Link throughout The Legend of Zelda series are a good representation of this.


Plot








The game begins with two men talking about the nearby vampire's ability to control flame. Lucian, the Lunar Knight overhears them, and sets out to obtain the whereabouts of the Duke, the leader of the Dark Tribe vampires. Later in the level, Lucian encounters Bea, a solar gunslinger attempting to free the prisoners of the mansion. She is trying to find a way past some boxes without notifying guards. Lucian sniggers and then smashes the boxes with his sword, with the line; If someone gets in our way, we take them down. Lucian realizes the strength of the vampire, and must upgrade his weapon by taking it to Professor Sheridan. After a confusing moment with the Professor's maid, Lucian barges his way in.


Returning to the Mansion, Lucian refuses to help Bea free the prisoners, claiming they would not even try to fight back against enemies. When Lucian arrives at the end of the level, there is a cutscene where Lucian blocks a bolt from the vampire meant for Bea. After defeating and purifying the vampire, he obtains the power of the flame terrenial Ursula. He also discovers that to reach the Duke, he must collect the other three main terrenials.


Chapter Two begins with Aaron, the Solar Knight training in an underground room. He complains that he cannot fire his solar gun no matter how hard he tries. The guild is shortly attacked and Aaron is told to warn the other members. When he escapes, Aaron sees a girl on an opposite rooftop being chased by undead. There is a short cutscene where Aaron fire his gun and destroys the undead. Aaron obtains the power of Toasty, the Solar Terrenial. Later on, two vampires known as the Poes attack Aaron, however Ernest; the Leader of the Guild, and Kay; his apprentice distract them and Aaron must gather the last of the members. Aaron fights the Goat Chimera and Bea appears to assist Ernest and Kay.


In Chapter Three, Aaron is worried about Ernest and Kay. Bea reappears and tells them the vampires are hiding in the sewer where the player cannot recharge energy. Bea calls Lucian, and while Lucian refuses to let Aaron come along, Bea ignores him. When they arrive at the end, The Poes reveal that they have packed the gunslingers on a train for the vampire tower. After defeating and purifying the Poes, Lucian and Aaron obtain Alexander and Tove, terrenials of Wind and Earth. They must now infiltrate the train station. There is a split in text at this point that if the player sneaks in without detection, text will warn you that two inmates have escaped from their cells, whereas if the player was spotted text will warn that intruders have been spotted. Arriving near the end, Kay reveals that Ernest distracted the guards. Lucian finds the Duke and attacks him, but he teleports away. The player boards the train and begins to make their way across the train. On the way across, a pink orb flies by the player, and a conversation with the mystery immortal known as Polidori begins with Stoker. The player defeats and purifies the vampire known as Baron Stoker. With all 4 Terrenials, Chapter 4 will start.


Lucian and Aaron fight their way into the city, and eventually reach the Dark Castle. Before entering, Polidori appears to them, explaining he is an emissary from space on behalf of the immortals. Lucian and Aaron travel through the castle, and discover that the enemy pilot they encounter in space during purification levels is Perrault, Nero's other half. After several levels, in which the terennials question their goals, and wonder if their battle is right. However, they eventually decide the humans are smart enough to save their world, the duo find themselves in the throne room. After defeating the Duke, Polidori absorbs him, informing the duo that the ParaSol was really the Planet Eater, a planet destroying weapon.


In Chapter Five, Lucian and Aaron make their way through the Planet Eater up to Polidori. After beating him, Polidori flees into space, where in a 4-Part battle, he is destroyed. Perrault rescues Lucian and Aaron and the credits roll. There is a bonus level named Vamberry which is a 100 floor tower with a teleporter so you can leave for items and health available. At the end of it, Lucian and Aaron defeat the resurrected Polidori. During the levels, the two discover that Dumas has also been remade by Perrault. Polidori's aims are questioned by Lucian, who accuses him of being only a copy of the real Polidori. He states that he understands the aims of the real immortal. The Knights defeat Polidori, and Dumas appears to tell them that the Immortals will arrive to stop the renegade Earth. He tells them that Humans and Vampires may have to become allies. Dumas leaves, and Lucian declares he will never work with Vampires, even against the immortals. The scene ends with Aaron unsure Lucian will hold to that promise.


Regional differences


Boktai DS, the Japanese version of Lunar Knights, continued the crossover-promotion the series had with Capcom's Mega Man franchise since Boktai 2. Django and Sabata fight Ox Fire, one of the enemy FM-ians from the original Mega Man Star Force, as a hidden boss. If they are successful in defeating him, War Rock can assist them as a seventh terrennial. Players can also obtain exclusive items by transferring game data from Mega Man Star Force into Boktai DS.


Reception




















































 Reception
Aggregate scores
AggregatorScore
GameRankings83%
GameStats8.7/10
Review scores
PublicationScore
1UP.comA
Game Informer8/10
GameZone8.4/10
IGN8.2/10
VG Resource Center7.75/10
Honest Gamers7/10

Reception for Lunar Knights has been mostly positive, with review aggregator sites Game Rankings and GameStats placing the game at 83% and 8.7/10 respectively. Both IGN and VGRC cited comparisons to Castlevania, another series published by Konami, with IGN saying "Konami already has a vampire-slaying action adventure in the form of Castlevania, and even though the storylines and universes are completely independent of each other, it's hard to ignore the similarities." While most reviews seem to praise Lunar Knights for the use of the terrennial and paraSOL systems, Honest Gamers said "It brings some excellent features to the series, but fails to implement them as smoothly as it should have." Furthermore, many took issue with the controls of the space shooting sequences, with GameSpot calling them "clumsy" and VGRC saying "It would have been a lot nicer if you could control your ship with the D-pad, and aim/fire with the stylus, but alas, that is not the case." IGN criticized the same sequences, "while certainly not terrible, [they] aren't anything special and do feel a little tacked on as a completely separate design that's not incorporated as well into the environments." Nintendo Power magazine gave the game an 8/10, and stated that the game could have used more of the environmental puzzles of the original series.[citation needed]


Notes and references




  1. [1], TGS Lunar Knights Preview, published September 23, 2006

  2. GameRankings.com page for Lunar Knights. URL retrieved 14th March 2007.

  3. GameStats on Lunar Knights. URL accessed 14th March 2007.

  4. 1UP's review of Lunar Knights. URL retrieved 3rd August 2008.

  5. [2] review of Lunar Knights. URL retrieved 31st March 2007.

  6. GameZone's review of Lunar Knights. URL retrieved 14th March 2007.

  7. IGN's review of Lunar Knights. URL retrieved 14th March 2007.

  8. VGRC's review of Lunar Knights. URL retrieved 14th March 2007.

  9. Honest Gamers's review of Lunar Knights. URL retrieved 14th March 2007.



External links












Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Knights&oldid=561103849"



























































































Vladimir Bakarić
Vladimir Bakarić in 1976
8th President of PR Croatia

President of the Assembly of PR Croatia
In office

December 1953 – December 1963
Prime MinisterJakov Blažević

Zvonko Brkić

Mika Špiljak
Preceded byZlatan Sremec
Succeeded byIvan Krajačić
1st Prime Minister of PR Croatia

President of the Executive Council of PR Croatia
In office

14 April 1945 – December 1953
PresidentVladimir Nazor

Karlo-Gašpar Mrazović

Vicko Krstulović

Zlatan Sremec
Preceded byPavle Gregorić

(as Minister for Croatia)
Succeeded byJakov Blažević
2nd Chairman of the League of Communists of Croatia
In office

1948 – May 1969
PresidentVladimir Nazor

Karlo-Gašpar Mrazović

Vicko Krstulović

Zlatan Sremec

Himself

Ivan Krajačić

Jakov Blažević
Prime MinisterHimself

Jakov Blažević

Zvonko Brkić

Mika Špiljak

Savka Dabčević-Kučar
Preceded byĐuro Špoljarić
Succeeded bySavka Dabčević-Kučar
Personal details
Born(1912-03-08)8 March 1912

Velika Gorica, Croatia-Slavonia, Austro-Hungary
Died16 January 1983(1983-01-16) (aged 70)

Zagreb, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia
NationalityCroatian
Political partyLeague of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ)

Dr. Vladimir Bakarić (8 March 1912 – 16 January 1983) was a Croatian communist and a politician in Socialist Yugoslavia.


Bakarić helped organize Partisan resistance in Croatia during World War II. From 1948 to 1969 he was the chairman of the Croatian League of Communists, and as such was a close collaborator of President Josip Broz Tito. Even after stepping down from the top post in Croatian communist hierarchy, he retained much influence and was in fact considered to be the most influential Croatian politician.


According to some allegation and sources, he was of Jewish ancestry with real surname Kupfer or Kupferstein. Together with Edvard Kardelj he belonged to the more liberal wing of the Yugoslav political elite and was known for his statement on the need for "federation to federate" (federiranje federacije), a reference to the struggle between Yugoslav unitarists who advocated giving more powers to the central government and federalists who wanted to shift power to the republics. Still, Bakarić was usually extremely careful in his public pronouncements on policy and wary of radical statements.


See also






































Lithuania


Coat of Arms of Lithuania
This article is part of the series:

Politics and government of

Lithuania

































Portal icon Politics portal







Politics of Lithuania takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Lithuania is the head of government, and of a multi-party system.


Executive power is exercised by the government, which is headed by the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the unicameral Seimas (Lithuanian Parliament). Judicial power is vested in judges appointed by the President of Lithuania and is independent of executive and legislature power. The judiciary consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and the Court of Appeal as well as the separate administrative courts. The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania established these powers upon its approval on October 25, 1992. Being a multi-party system, the government of Lithuania is not dominated by any single political party, rather it consists of numerous parties that must work with each other to form coalition governments.



History


Since Lithuania declared independence on March 11, 1990, it has kept strong democratic traditions. Drawing from the interwar experiences, politicians made many different proposals that ranged from strong parliamentarism to a presidential republic with checks and balances similar to the United States. Through compromise, a semi-presidential system was settled. In a referendum on October 25, 1992, the first general vote of the people since their declared independence, 56.75% of the total number of voters supported the new constitution.


All major political parties declared their support for Lithuania's membership in NATO and the European Union (EU). Lithuania joined NATO on March 29, 2004, and joined the EU on May 1, 2004.


Since 1991, Lithuanian voters have shifted from right to left and back again, swinging between the Conservatives, led by Vytautas Landsbergis, and the (formerly Communist) Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, led by president Algirdas Brazauskas. During this period, the prime minister was Gediminas Vagnorius.


Valdas Adamkus has been the president for most of the time since 1998. His prime minister was Rolandas Paksas, whose government got off to a rocky start and collapsed within seven months. The alternation between left and right was broken in the October 2000 elections when the Liberal Union and New Union parties won the most votes and were able to form a centrist ruling coalition with minor partners. President Adamkus played a key role in bringing the new centrist parties together. Artūras Paulauskas, the leader of the center-left New Union (also known as the Social Liberal party), became the Chairman of the Seimas. In July 2001, the center-left New Union party forged an alliance with the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and formed a new cabinet under former president Algirdas Brazauskas. On April 11, 2006, Artūras Paulauskas was removed from his position and Viktoras Muntianas was elected Chairman of the Seimas.


The cabinet of Algirdas Brazauskas resigned on May 31, 2006, as President Valdas Adamkus expressed no confidence in two of the Ministers, formerly party colleagues of Brazauskas, over ethical principles. Brazauskas decided not to remain in office as acting Prime Minister, and announced that he was finally retiring from politics. Even so, he led the ruling Social Democratic Party of Lithuania for one more year, until May 19, 2007, when he passed the reins to Gediminas Kirkilas. On November 27, 2008, Andrius Kubilius was appointed as a new Prime Minister.


Government



Government in Lithuania is made up of three branches originally envisioned by enlightenment philosopher Baron de Montesquieu: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch is separate and is set up to do checks and balances on each other branch.


Executive branch


The executive branch of the Lithuanian government consists of a President, a Prime Minister, and the President's Council of Ministers. It is in charge of running the government.


President


The President of Lithuania is the head of state of the country, elected directly for a five-year term and can serve maximum of two terms consecutively. The President, with the approval of the Seimas, is first responsible of appointing the Prime Minister. Upon the Prime Minister's nomination, the President also appoints, under the recommendation of the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers (13 ministries), as well as a number of other top civil servants and the judges for all courts. The President also serves as the commander-in-chief, oversees foreign and security policy, addresses political problems of foreign and domestic affairs, proclaims state of emergency, considers the laws adopted by the Seimas, and performs other duties specified in the Constitution.


President Valdas Adamkus has been the head-of-state since July 12, 2004, who followed interim President Artūras Paulauskas after former President Rolandas Paksas was impeached in April 2004 for leaking classified information. Adamkus had previously served a term as Lithuanian President from 1998 to 2003, but lost to Paksas who also ran for President.


Prime Minister


The Prime Minister of Lithuania is the head of government of the country, appointed by the President and approved by the Seimas. The Prime Minister, within 15 days of being appointed, is responsible for choosing Ministers for the President to approve to each of the 13 Ministries. In general, the Prime Minister is in charge of the affairs of the country, maintains homeland security, carries out laws and resolutions of the Seimas and decrees of the President, maintains diplomatic relations with foreign countries and international organizations, and performs other duties specified in the Constitution.


Council of Ministers


Similar to the cabinet of other nations, the Council of Ministers consists of 13 Ministers chosen by the Prime Minister and appointed by the President. Each Minister is responsible for his or her own Ministry of the Lithuanian government and must give reports on his or her Ministry when directed to. The different Lithuanian Ministries are listed below. When the Prime Minister resigns or dies, the position is to be filled as soon as possible and the new leader will appoint a new Government.


Current office holders



Main office holders


















OfficeNamePartySince
PresidentDalia GrybauskaitėIndependent12 July 2009
Prime MinisterAlgirdas ButkevičiusSocial Democratic Party13 December 2012

Legislative branch






Seimas




The parliament (Seimas) has 141 members that are elected for a 4-year term. About half of the members are elected in single-member districts (71), and the other half (70) are elected in the nationwide vote using proportional representation by party lists. A party must receive at least 5% of the national vote to be represented in the Seimas.


Political parties and elections




e • d Summary of the 17 May 2009 Lithuanianpresidentialelection results









































































CandidatePartyVotes %
Dalia GrybauskaitėIndependent950,40769.1
Algirdas ButkevičiusSocial Democratic Party of Lithuania162,66511.8
Valentinas MazuronisOrder and Justice84,6566.2
Valdemar TomaševskiElectoral Action of Poles in Lithuania65,2554.7
Kazimira PrunskienėLithuanian Peasant Popular Union53,7783.9
Loreta GraužinienėLabour Party49,6863.6
Česlovas JezerskasIndependent9,1910.7
Invalid votes17,640
Total1,393,278100
Registered voters/turnout2,691,60351.8
Source: VRK



Summary of the 12 October and 26 October 2008 Lithuanian Seimas election results































































































































































































PartyVotes

(proportional)
%Seats
proportionalconstituencytotal
Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats243,82319.72182745
National Resurrection Party186,62915.0913316
Order and Justice156,77712.6811415
Social Democratic Party of Lithuania144,89011.72101525
Coalition Labour Party + Youth111,1498.998210
Liberal Movement70,8625.735611
Liberal and Centre Union66,0785.34538
Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania59,2374.7933
Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union46,1623.7333
New Union (Social Liberals)45,0613.6411
Front40,0163.24
Young Lithuania (Jaunoji Lietuva)21,5891.75
Civic Democratic Party13,7751.11
Union of the Russians of Lithuania11,3570.92
Lithuanian Social Democratic Union (Lietuvos socialdemokratų sąjunga)10,6420.86
Lithuanian Centre Party (Lietuvos centro partija)8,6690.70
Independents44
Invalid/blank votes73,239
Total1,233,875100.007071141
Registered voters/turnout2,696,09048.59


e • d Summary of the results of Lithuania's 7 June 2009 election to the European Parliament















































































































































































































← 200420092014 →
PartyEuropean partyMain candidateVotes %+/–Seats+/–
Homeland Union – Christian Democrats (TS–LKD)EPPVytautas Landsbergis147,75626.1642 Increase
Social Democratic Party (LSDP)PESVilija Blinkevičiūtė102,34718.1231 Increase
Order and Justice (TT)NoneRolandas Paksas67,23711.9021 Increase
Labour Party (DP)ELDRViktor Uspaskich48,3688.5614 Decrease
Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania (AWPL)AECRValdemar Tomaševski46,2938.2011 Increase
Liberal Movement (LS)Leonidas Donskis40,5027.1711 Increase
Liberal and Centre Union (LiCS)ELDRArtūras Zuokas19,1053.3802 Decrease
Centre Party (LCP)NoneOna Juknevičienė17,0043.0100 Steady
Christian Conservative Social Union (KKSS)Gediminas Vagnorius16,1082.8500 Steady
Front Party (FRONTAS)NoneAlgirdas Paleckis13,3412.3600 Steady
Peasant Popular Union (VNDS)AENGintaras Didžiokas10,2851.8201 Decrease
Civic Democratic Party (PDP)NoneEugenijus Maldeikis7,4251.3100 Steady
Samogitian Party (ZP)NoneEgidijus Skarbalius6,9611.2300 Steady
National Resurrection Party (TPP)NoneSaulius Stoma5,7171.0100 Steady
National Party Lithuanian Way1,5680.2800 Steady
Valid votes550.01797.38
Blank and invalid votes14.7862.62
Totals564.803100.00121 Decrease
Electorate (eligible voters) and voter turnout2,692,39720.9827.40 Decrease
Source: Lithuanian Central Electoral Commission

Judicial branch


The judges of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas) for a single nine year term are appointed by the Seimas from the candidates presented by the President (three judges), Chairman of Seimas (three judges) and the chairman of the Supreme Court (three judges).


Administrative pisions



Since 1994, with modifications in 2000, Lithuania is subpided into 10 counties (Lithuanian: plural - apskritys, singular - apskritis), each named after their principal city (see: Counties of Lithuania). Counties are then subpided into 60 municipalities (Lithuanian: plural - savivaldybės, singular - savivaldybė). Municipalities are further subpided into over 500 elderships (Lithuanian: plural - seniūnijos, singular - seniūnija).


Counties are ruled by apskrities viršininkas (officially translated as "governor") who is appointed by the central government in Vilnius. Their primary duty is to ensure that the municipalities obey the laws and constitution of Lithuania. They do not have great powers vested in them. Municipality governments are elected in democratic elections of municipality councils held every 4 years. Municipality mayors are elected by the municipality councils. Also, municipality councils appoint elders to be in charge of an eldership.


International organization participation

























































































































































































































OrganizationAcronymDate joinedNotes
Bank for International SettlementsBIS
Council of the Baltic Sea StatesCBSSMarch 5, 1992
Council of EuropeCOEMay 14, 1993
European CommunityEC
Euro-Atlantic Partnership CouncilEAPC
European Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentEBRDJanuary 30, 1992
United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeECE
European UnionEUMay 1, 2004
Food and Agriculture OrganizationFAONovember 9, 1991
International Atomic Energy AgencyIAEANovember 18, 1993
World BankIBRDJuly 6, 1992
International Civil Aviation OrganizationICAOSeptember 27, 1991
International Chamber of CommerceICC
International Criminal CourtICC
International Trade Union ConfederationITUC
International Finance CorporationIFCMarch 21, 1992
International Red Cross and Red Crescent MovementIFRCSNovember 17, 1991
International Labour OrganizationILOOctober 4, 1991
International Monetary FundIMFMarch 29, 1992
International Maritime OrganizationIMODecember 7, 1995
International Telecommunications Satellite OrganizationIntelsat(nonsignatory user)
International Criminal Police Organization - InterpolInterpolNovember 4, 1991
International Olympic CommitteeIOC
International Organization for MigrationIOMNovember 28, 1995
International Organization for StandardizationISOJanuary 1, 1992(correspondent)
International Telecommunication UnionITUOctober 12, 1991
North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationNATOApril 1, 2004
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical WeaponsOPCWMay 15, 1998
Organization for Security and Co-operation in EuropeOSCESeptember 10, 1991
United NationsUNSeptember 17, 1991
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNESCOOctober 15, 1991
United Nations Children's FundUNICEFFebruary 6, 1993
United Nations Mission in Bosnia and HerzegovinaUNMIBH
United Nations Mission in KosovoUNMIK
Universal Postal UnionUPUJanuary 10, 1992
World Customs OrganizationWCOJune 18, 1992
Western European UnionWEU(associate partner)
World Health OrganizationWHONovember 25, 1991
World Intellectual Property OrganizationWIPOMarch 30, 1992
World Meteorological OrganizationWMOJuly 3, 1922
World Trade OrganizationWTOMay 31, 2001

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